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However, phenotypic changes are poorly controlled in cell lines and tend to appear over time due to the accumulation of mutations [78]

Supplementary material The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: Glossary ACPA Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies ADAMTS-5 A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs-5 AIA Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Akt Protein Kinase B AMPK AMP-Activated Protein Kinase AP-1 Activator Protein-1 ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Bax Bcl-2-Associated X Protein Bcl-2 B-Cell Lymphoma-2 Blimp-1 B Lymphocyte-Induced Maturation Protein 1 caspase-1 Cysteine-Aspartic Acid Protease 1 CIA Collagen-Induced Arthritis C20A4 Human Chondrocyte Cell Line C20A4 CCL C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand CCR C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor ChIP Chromatin Immunoprecipitation CIRP Cold-Inducible RNA-Binding Protein CMA chaperone-mediated autophagy COL2A1 Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2 Cul3 Cullin 3 CYLD Cylindromatosis Tumor Suppressor CXCL C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand DAS28 Disease Activity Score in 28 Joints ERK1/2 Extracellular-Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 FLS Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte FOXK1 Forkhead Box K1 FOXP3 Forkhead Box P3 GSDMD Gasdermin D GSH-Px Glutathione Peroxidase HAT Histone Acetyltransferase HDAC Histone Deacetylase HDACi Histone Deacetylase inhibitor HFLS-RA Human Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte from Rheumatoid Arthritis HIF-1 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 HMGB1 High Mobility Group Box 1 HO-1 Heme Oxygenase-1 Hsc70 Heat shock cognate protein 70 HSP90AA1 Heat Shock Protein 90 Alpha Family Class A Member 1 HUVEC Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell IB Inhibitor of NF-B Alpha IKBB Inhibitor of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Kinase Subunit Beta IKK IB Kinase IFN Interferon IL-10 Interleukin-10 IL-1 Interleukin-1 Beta IL-6 Interleukin-6 IL-8 Interleukin-8 IRF1 Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 iNOS Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Keap1 Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 LAMP2A lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A lncRNA Long-Stranded Non-Coding RNA MCP-1 Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases MDA Malondialdehyde M-CSF Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor MH7A Human Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Cell Line MTA1 Metastasis-Associated Protein 1 MyD88 Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88 NAD + Nicotinamide-Adenine-Dinucleotide NFKB2 Nuclear Factor Kappa B Subunit 2CFA NF-B p65 Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 Nrf2 Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 NLRP3 NOD-Like Receptor Protein 3 NO Nitric Oxide Nur77 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 1 OA Osteoarthritis OPG Osteoprotegerin P-p65 phosphorylated p65 Pax5 Paired Box 5 PAINS Pan-assay interference compounds PBMCs Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells PGC-1 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase PK/PD Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Prdm1 PR Domain Zinc Finger Protein 1 PGE 2 Prostaglandin E 2 p38 MAPK p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase RA Rheumatoid Arthritis RAW264.7 Mouse Macrophage Cell Line RAW264.7 RANK Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B RANKL Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Ligand RORc RA-Related Orphan Receptor Gamma ROS Reactive Oxygen Species Runx2/Cbfa-1 Runt-Related Transcription Factor 2/Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 S1P Sphingosine-1-Phosphate siRNA Small Interfering RNA SHC1 SHC Adaptor Protein 1 SIR2 silencing information regulator 2 SOCS3 Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 smad Sma and Mad related family SOD Superoxide Dismutase SphK1 Sphingosine Kinase 1 S1PR1 Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 SD Sprague-Dawley Rat Strain SCFA Short-Chain Fatty Acid STAT3 Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 TGF-1 Transforming Growth Factor-1 TFAM Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A THP-1 Human Monocytic Cell Line THP-1 TNF- Tumor Necrosis Factor- TRAF6 TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6 TRAP Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase TLR4 Toll-Like Receptor 4 TCM Traditional Chinese Medicine Th1 T Helper 1 Cell Th2 T Helper 2 Cell Th17 T Helper 17 Cell Treg Regulatory T Cell VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor VEGFR2 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2 ZO-1 Zonula Occludens-1

The gene expression of five alanine carriers was identified on our human BBB model (Fig

The membranes were then stained with Ponceau S and imaged to serve as a loading control for total protein normalization of Western blots

In a cytokine storm, pro-oxidants are produced in large quantities

Cai J et al., Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE